Srila Prabhupada and Distance to the Moon and Sun

Srila Prabhupada and Distance to the Moon

              A note about this paper: Although I discuss in this paper several concepts of the Puranic astronomy, I will try to analyze only why Srila Prabhupada always stressed that the moon is further away from the earth than the sun and will not try to reconcile the astronomy of the Bhagavatam (or Puranic astronomy) with the Siddhantic astronomy or the modern astronomy in this presentation. All emphasis is the writers.

The moon and its 28 naksatras: an enigmatic hint

The structure of the universe is described in the Fifth Canto of the Bhagavatamalong with the distances between different planets. The apparent discrepancy described in the following two verses (5.22.9 and 5.22.11) gives a hint that the structure and especially the distances described there may not be taken literally (at least in our gross material reality) and may present a picture given from another point of view or even from a more subtle level of material reality:

…caikam ekam naksatram trimsata muhurtair bhunkte

Synonyms: … ca—also; ekam ekam—one after another; naksatram—a constellation of stars; trimsata—by thirty; muhurtaih—muhurtas; bhunkte—passes through.

Translation: "The moon passes through each constellation of stars in thirty muhurtas." (Srimad-Bhagavatam 5.22.9)

tata uparistad dvi-laksa-yojanato naksatrani merum daksinenaiva kalayana isvara-yojitani sahabhijitasta-vimsatih.

Synonyms: tatah—from that region of the moon; uparistat—above; dvi-laksa-yojanatah—200,000 yojanas; naksatrani—many stars; merum—Sumeru Mountain; daksinena eva—to the right side; kala- ayane—in the wheel of time; isvara-yojitani—attached by the Supreme Personality of Godhead; saha—with; abhijita—the star known as Abhijit; asta-vimsatih— twenty-eight.

Translation: "There are many stars located 200,000 yojanas [1,600,000 miles] above the moon. By the supreme will of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, they are fixed to the wheel of time, and thus they rotate with Mount Sumeru on their right, their motion being different from that of the sun. There are twenty- eight important stars, headed by Abhijit." (Srimad-Bhagavatam 5.22.11)

How can the moon pass through each constellation and "enjoy" (bhunkte) all the 28 naksatras if there is huge distance of 200,000 yojanas (1,600,000 miles) between them? Similarly, although the distance between the earth and the moon is stated to be the same 200,000 yojanas[1], there may be a similar possibility for a closer contact.

It cannot be said that the moon does not actually go into each constellation and it only seems going there from the earth (in other words the moon is projected into each naksatra for an observer on earth) because the verse uses the active verb "bhunkte", "he enjoys" each of the 28 naksatras, who are stated in the sastra to be Candra's wives[2]. So it is not only an observer's subjective vision.

A helpful similarity: the nine varsas and the mountain ranges

Apart from the distance between various cosmic objects the same Fifth Canto also provides the information about the different varsas and the height of the mountains that separate them. We can compare the statements about the distance to the moon with the statements about the different varsas of the Bhu-mandala and the height of the Himalaya mountains.

yasmin nava varsani nava-yojana-sahasrayamany astabhir maryada-giribhih suvibhaktani bhavanti.

Synonyms: yasmin—in that Jambudvipa; nava—nine; varsani—divisions of land; nava-yojana-sahasra—72,000 miles in length; ayamani—measuring; astabhih—by eight; maryada—indicating the boundaries; giribhih—by mountains; suvibhaktani—nicely divided from one another; bhavanti—are.

Translation: "In Jambudvipa there are nine divisions of land, each with a length of 9,000 yojanas [72,000 miles]. There are eight mountains that mark the boundaries of these divisions and separate them nicely." (Srimad- Bhagavatam5.16.6)

Here is a list of the mountains separating different varsas of Jambudvipa with their height in yojanas according to the descriptions in the Fifth Canto (chapter 16):

Of these mountains only Himalayas are known to us at present. However, the height of the Himalayas as we know it (8,848 m) is nowhere close to the height given in the Bhagavatam (10,000 yojanas or 130,000 km)—less than 0.007%!

From such works as Sri Madhva-vijaya we know that they are higher in the more subtle reality. Thus, when Sri Madhva went to the higher Badarikasrama (Uttara Badri) to meet Vyasa, his disciple Satya Tirtha was left behind in the earthy Himalayas (lower Badri, Badrinath) because he could not ascend the subtle part of the mountains. Whereas the lower Badri was cold and clad with snow, the higher Badri had a pleasant heavenly scenery—blooming flowers and trees, chirping birds, beautiful lakes, etc[3].

So, because we have a concept of Himalayas being much higher on a more subtle plane and we can only access and see the tiny 0.7 yojana part of it, this does not necessarily mean that no one can climb this part or fly over it in a plane. Similarly, because Srimad-Bhagavatam describes moon as a much higher and celestial (and thus similarly a subtle) realm, does not necessarily mean that we can not access the lower visible gross part of it[4].

However, Srila Prabhupada did not emphasize this part of the Fifth Canto, as he did with the distance to the moon, and did not repeatedly say that "you cannot fly in your airplane over Himalaya mountains because they are 10,000 yojanas (130,000 km) high." [i]

Moreover, the abode of Lord Brahma is stated to be on the top of the Sumeru Mountain which is 100,000 yojanas high, of which only 84,000 yojanas are above the earth[5]. This would make it even lower than the sun, which is 100,000 yojanasabove the earth. One way to reconcile these apparent "discrepancies" in the Bhagavatam's version is to find that point of vision which would put everything in the proper perspective.

Another parallel: eclipses caused by Rahu or by shadow?

Similarly there is a dichotomy in the explanation of the eclipses – although Puranas describe that Rahu attacks the sun or the moon during an eclipse [6], astronomical treatises like Surya-siddhanta, Aryabhata's Arya-siddhanta (Aryabhatiya) , Bhaskaracarya's Siddhanta-siromani, etc. say that eclipses occur when the moon eclipses the sun (solar eclipse) or the earth's shadow eclipses the moon (lunar eclipse).

At the same time they do not discard the Puranic descriptions of Rahu as the cause of eclipses, but offer a way to reconcile these apparent contradictions. These astronomical treatises were translated and published by Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura either as separate books or as serialized publications in his astronomical magazine Jyotirvid [7]. Here are relevant quotes from these authoritative sources:

chadako bhaskarasyendur
adhah-stho ghanavad bhavet
bhu-cchayam pran-mukhas candro
visaty asya bhaved asau

Translation: "The moon being like a cloud in a lower sphere covers the sun (in a solar eclipse); but in a lunar one the moon moving eastward enters the earth's shadow and (therefore) the shadow obscures her disc." (Surya-siddhanta 4.9)

chadayati sasi suryam sasinam mahati ca bhucchaya

Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura's Bengali translation: surya-grahana-kale candra suryake achadana kare; candra-grahane prthivira subrhat chaya sasike achanna kare

English translation of Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura's Bengali translation: "At the time of solar eclipse the moon covers the sun. In the lunar eclipse the huge shadow of the earth covers the moon." (Aryabhatiya 4.37)

bhu-bha vidhum vidhur inam grahane pidhatte

Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura's Bengali translation: candra-grahane bhu-cchaya candrake evam surya-grahane candra suryake acchadana kare

English translation of Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura's Bengali translation: "At the time of a lunar eclipse the shadow of the earth covers the moon and during a solar eclipse the moon covers the sun." (Siddhanta-siromani, Graha-ganita-adhyaya, Candra-grahana-adhikara, verse 9) .

Although there is a common understanding that the demon Rahu "swallows" the sun during solar eclipse, the Bhagavatam (5.24.3) and our acaryas say that it cannot be taken literally:

tan nisamyobhayatrapi bhagavata raksanaya prayuktam sudarsanam nama bhagavatam dayitam astram tat tejasa durvisaham muhuh parivartamanam abhyavasthito muhurtam udvijamanas cakita-hrdaya arad eva nivartate tad uparagam iti vadanti lokah.

Synonyms: tat—that situation; nisamya— hearing; ubhayatra—around both the sun and moon; api—indeed; bhagavata—by the Supreme Personality of Godhead; raksanaya—for their protection; prayuktam— engaged; sudarsanam—the wheel of Krsna; nama—named; bhagavatam—the most confidential devotee; dayitam—the most favorite; astram—weapon; tat— that; tejasa—by its effulgence; durvisaham—unbearable heat; muhuh— repeatedly; parivartamanam—moving around the sun and moon; abhyavasthitah— situated; muhurtam—for a muhurta (forty-eight minutes); udvijamanah—whose mind was full of anxieties; cakita—frightened; hrdayah—the core of whose heart; arat—to a distant place; eva—certainly; nivartate—flees; tat—that situation; uparagam—an eclipse; iti—thus; vadanti—they say; lokah —the people.

Translation (by Srila Prabhupada): "After hearing from the sun and moon demigods about Rahu's attack, the Supreme Personality of Godhead, Visnu, engages His disc, known as the Sudarsana cakra, to protect them. The Sudarsana cakra is the Lord's most beloved devotee and is favored by the Lord. The intense heat of its effulgence, meant for killing non-Vaisnavas, is unbearable to Rahu, and he therefore flees in fear of it. During the time Rahu disturbs the sun or moon, there occurs what people commonly know as an eclipse." (Srimad-Bhagavatam 5.24.3) .

It is noteworthy that this verse does not say that Rahu literally "devours" or "swallows" the sun or the moon. An important detail here is the fact that, according to Srimad-Bhagavatam 5.24.1, Rahu is 10,000 yojanas below the sun (which makes him 110,000 yojanas below the moon and 90,000 yojanas above the earth), so he cannot literally "attack" or "swallow" the sun or the moon (the similar situation as with the moon and naksatras mentioned above). Therefore Visvanatha Cakravarti Thakura comments on this verse as follows:

ubhayatra surye candro'pi, tat-prasiddham cakram parivartamanam paribhramat drstveti sesah | abhi abhimukham avasthitah san | tad-avasthanam evoparagam vadati | tatra ca rju-vakra-sthitibhyam sarva-grasardha-grasau, na tu vastuto graso'sti ayuta-yojanantaratvat ||

Translation (by Bhanu Swami): "Ubhayatra means "to the sun and moon." Seeing (verb is omitted) the cakra rotating, situated in front of it, he then fled. They say that is situation is an eclipse. Because of either precise or imprecise alignment, there are full and partial eclipses. Rahu does not actually devour the sun or moon, since he is situated 10,000 yojanas away from the sun."

The Rahu/shadow dichotomy can be reconciled in two ways. In the first of them, found in the Surya-siddhanta and universally accepted in jyotisa, Rahu and Ketu are identified with the north and south nodes — the points of intersection of the paths of the sun and the moon as they move on the celestial sphere. The fact that eclipses occur when the sun and the moon are near these points explains the understanding of "swallowing" of the sun and the moon by them.

It is stated in the Surya-siddhanta:

daksinottarato'py evam pato rahuh svaraṃhasa
viksipaty esa viksepaṃ candradinam apakramat

Translation: "In the same way, the node named Rahu by its power deflects the planets to the north or to the south from (the end of) the declination (of its corresponding point at the ecliptic). This deflection is called viksepa (celestial latitude)." (Surya-siddhanta 2.6)

Another reconciliation was offered by the ancient Indian astronomer Brahmagupta (c. 598—c. 668) in his Brahma-sphuta-siddhanta (21.44) and by his follower Bhaskaracarya (1114—1185) mentioned above. Here is a quote from Bhaskara'sSiddhanta-siromani (Goladhyaya, Grahana-vasana , verses 9-10)[8]:

dig-desa-kalavaranadi-bhedan
na cchadako rahur iti bruvanti
yan-maninah kevala-gola-vidyas
tat samhita-veda-purana-bahyam

Translation: "Those learned astronomers, who, being too exclusively devoted to the doctrine of the sphere (gola-vidya ), claim that Rahu cannot be the cause of the obscuration of the sun and moon because of the differences in the parts of the body first obscured, in the place, time, causes of obscuration, etc., are contradicting Vedic scriptures, such as Samhitas, Vedas and Puranas[9]."

rahuh ku-bha-mandala-gah sasankam
sasanka-gas chadayatina-bimbam
tamo-mayah sambhu-vara-pradanat
sarvagamanam aviruddham etat

Translation: "All discrepancy, however, between the assertions above referred to and the sacred scriptures may be reconciled by understanding that it is the dark Rahu which entering the earth's shadow obscures the moon, and which again entering the moon (in a solar eclipse) obscures the sun by the power conferred upon it by the benediction of Lord Brahma."

This understanding of the double nature of Rahu (as a node and as a shadow) was also accepted by Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura Prabhupada. Here is a verse describing Lord Caitanya's appearance during the lunar eclipse from Sri Caitanya-bhagavata (Adi 2.209) and his Gaudiya-bhasya commentary to it, where he mentions these two aspects of Rahu:

rahu-kavale indu, parakasa nama-sindu,
kali-mardana baje bana
pahun bhela parakasa, bhuvana catur-dasa,
jaya jaya padila ghosana

Translation: "When the moon was covered by Rahu, when the ocean of the holy names was manifest, when Kali was subdued, and when the flag of victory was raised—at that time the Supreme Lord appeared and the fourteen worlds filled with the sound of "Jaya! Jaya!""

Commentary (only the part relevant to this discussion):

rahu—suryera bhramanapatha o candrera bhramanapatha yekhane sampata haiyache, tahara ekasthanake 'rahu' o aparasthanake 'ketu' bale | ravi patha o candrera bhramanavartma chayarasi va 180° amsa prthvistha drastara nikata vyavahita haile prthvicchaya candropari patita haya | ei prthvicchayakei 'rahu' bale | suryoparage prthvistha drastara nikata candradvara ravi vyavahita haile uhake 'rahu' va 'ketu'-grasa bale | candragrahaneo prthvicchayai 'rahu' name kathita | 'kabala'-sabde kabalita |

Translation of the commentary: "Regarding Rahu — when the orbits of the sun and the moon intersect then one of these points is called Rahu and another is called Ketu. When the orbit of the sun and the orbit of the moon are separated by six signs or 180° and are covered from the observer on the earth, then the earth' shadow falls on the moon. This shadow of the earth is called "Rahu". During a solar eclipse when the sun is covered by the moon from the observer on earth, it is said to be "swallowed by Rahu or Ketu". Similarly, during a lunar eclipse the shadow of the earth is called known by the name "Rahu". Kabala means kabalita , "swallowed" or "seized"."

Thus Rahu is simultaneously a planet 10,000 yojanas below the sun in the Puranic astronomy and the node or shadow in the Siddhantic astronomy. In this way the Puranic statements can be reconciled with the observable reality that we live in. Similarly, we have to find a way to reconcile the Bhagavatam's statements regarding the distance to the moon and our observable reality, supported by the Siddhantic astronomy.

Surya-siddhanta as an important but undiscovered evidence

As a very important supporting factor we have Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura's endorsement of Surya-siddhanta and Arya- siddhanta (both of which he translated and published either as separate books or serially in his astronomical magazine Jyotirvid ).

Srila Prabhupada also acknowledged the authority of Surya-siddhanta:

"These calculations are given in the authentic astronomy book known as the Surya-siddhanta. An annotated Bengali translation of this book was compiled by the great professor of astronomy and mathematics Bimal Prasad Datta, later known as Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Gosvami, who was our merciful spiritual master. He was honored with the title Siddhanta Sarasvati for translating the Surya-siddhanta, and the title Gosvami Maharaja was added when he accepted sannyasa, the renounced order of life." (Sri Caitanya-caritamrta, Adi 3.8, purport)

And here Srila Prabhupada encourages his disciples to find the Surya-siddhanta(translated by his Guru Maharaja) and study it:

"Svarupa Damodara: This is also going to be very critical.
Prabhupada: Which one?
Svarupa Damodara: This moon is farther away than the sun. That brings a whole new concept that poses some problem.
Prabhupada: Eh?
Svarupa Damodara: In speaking [at] colleges and universities. The other day when you spoke there, we were not speaking about astronomy, you were speaking of the origin of life, and these people, outsiders, they already had the concept to raise up that question. So without any connection they brought up. So the question was, "Whatever you present is very nice, fine, but what about the moon? Do you believe that the moon is farther away than the sun?"
Prabhupada: But they have already...?
Svarupa Damodara: Yeah, they already studied, they are ready to ask those things, and they say, "Just give me an answer, yes or no."
Prabhupada: They asked you? They asked you?
Svarupa Damodara: Yes.
Prabhupada: So what did you answer?
Svarupa Damodara: We said yes, but our explanation was much [indistinct] in the sense that we said you have to study this more carefully, but we tried to remark the concept that now we are conditioned to believe certain things.
Prabhupada: Now, how they heard that we are believing in this way?
Svarupa Damodara: From Bhagavatam.
Prabhupada: Oh.
Svarupa Damodara: From Srimad-Bhagavatam. And sometimes devotees go around the colleges and sometimes they say, "What you are doing is all wrong, the moon is far away." So I think this is spread all over.
Prabhupada: But that is a fact.
Svarupa Damodara: But we had one explanation saying that now, the way we percept knowledge, though we understand things, there is also a conditioning behind it. So actually this is a fact, but in Mathematics, if we change the axiom, then we have a whole new understanding, it's almost completely upside down, but still we can interpret the result. It is just like a simple jumble, while Nils Bohr, studying the structure of the atom. Now he had a mathematical equation to fit the phenomena of this atom, and actually you can perfectly describe this phenomena by this equation, but, now, at morning times, this quantum mechanics, it turns out whatever he did was completely wrong, but it can be described completely, perfectly well as his model, as is our present understanding. But now his theories [indistinct], he could explain things on his own, but still it's completely wrong. So similarly…
Prabhupada: They are right. They may present the wrong thing, but still they are right.
Svarupa Damodara: Yes.
Prabhupada: That is their proposition?
Svarupa Damodara: It is possible, but that's why we're claiming that. They agree that because not only there is several facts in science, that one should be [indistinct] this is true, then suddenly by some new discoveries came out all wrong.
Prabhupada: Yes.
Svarupa Damodara: So we are discussing about our limitations of our so-called knowledge- finding technique. So we said, "One has to be a little open-minded and discuss these things…"
Prabhupada: What does they say about that disi, astrologic kalokyam [Hindi] ?
Svarupa Damodara: [Hindi]
Prabhupada: [Hindi]
Svarupa Damodara: And in this connection we actually wanted to also study Bhaktisiddhanta Prabhupada's…
Prabhupada: Surya-siddhanta.
Svarupa Damodara: Yeah.
Prabhupada: Yes. But where is that book?
Svarupa Damodara: Pradyumna told me that it's available in Bengali, Srila Prabhupada?
Prabhupada: If it is available, get it. [indistinct] He was one of the authorities about sun movements.
Svarupa Damodara: I heard that it will be very…
Prabhupada: [indistinct] He got this Surya-siddhanta, Siddhanta Sarasvati. He was very expert astrologer.
Svarupa Damodara: So we were thinking that there must be some more information there.
Prabhupada: [indistinct] There are [in] Calcutta many... Some of them still, living or dead I do not know. But in India, in Benares you'll find many astrologers. You said in your book that the sun is the nearest planet?
Svarupa Damodara: No…"
(Room Conversation, July 6, 1976, Washington, D.C.)

Below is the essence of Surya-siddhanta's statements about the distance to the moon. There the orbit of the moon is given as 324,000 yojanas (verse 12.85). The same number is stated in the Siddhanta-siromani (Graha-ganita-adhyaya 4.4)[10]. If, for the sake of simplicity, we consider that the moon's orbit is circular (not elliptical), then the distance from the earth to the moon (i.e. the radius of the moon's orbit) will be 324,000÷2π ≈ 51,566 yojanas.

If we take a yojana as 13 km then the distance will be 51,566 x 13 = 670,360 km. However, if we take a yojana as 8 km (as is sometimes suggested), then the distance is 412,528 km which is very close to the modern measurement (384,000 km). In the Siddhanta-siromani (12.3) the distance to the moon from the center of the earth is directly stated to be the same 51,566 yojanas as above.

So, at least theoretically, the discussion above could have arrived at a mediated conclusion that at least according to the Surya-siddhanta and other astronomical works the moon is not so far away (but maybe leaving aside the attempts of reconciliation with the Srimad-Bhagavatam). However, unfortunately it seems no one had ever found the Surya-siddhanta and presented these statements to Srila Prabhupada.

From the following conversation we also see that Srila Prabhupada did not discourage his disciples in their effort to research this issue more deeply, but, on the contrary, he encouraged them to do so. Another important point is that Srila Prabhupada did not say that he had a deep knowledge of astronomy or that he even knew or read the Surya-siddhanta. He instead encouraged his disciples to consult learned astronomers regarding the model of the planetarium based on the Bhagavatam's cosmology:

"Prabhupada: It requires a little mathematical astronomy knowledge to translate this very difficult subject in the Sanskrit language. I have done as far as possible, but when we make our planetarium, we have to consult the Indian astronomers or mathematicians. In this way, we have to correct if there is [indistinct].
Harikesa: Krsna wouldn't let me find any.
Prabhupada: Huh?
Harikesa: Every time I tried, it was a failure. I couldn't find anybody who knew."
(Conversation at Bhaktivedanta Manor, July 24, 1976, London)

We can also see from these statements of Srila Prabhupada that he was ready to correct his presentation of the Vedic astronomy, if needed, after consulting such expert astronomers.

In a similar conversation Srila Prabhupada did not hesitate to say that he himself did not fully understand all the mysterious descriptions of the Bhagavatam's geography and astronomy:

"Yasodanandana: "…Just north of Ilavrta-varsa and going further northward, one after another, are three mountains, namely Nila Mountain, Sveta Mountain and Srngavan Mountain. These mark the borders of the three varsas, namely Ramyaka, Hiranmaya and Kuru, and separate them from one another. The width of these mountains is 2000…"
Prabhupada: And it was not possible for me to digest. [laughs] Somebody else helped me to... I am a layman. I do not know.
Tamala Krsna: How did you write it?
Prabhupada: That somebody, Krsna, helped me. That He manufactured.
Yasodanandana: And these mountains, they extend to the beaches. "It is considered, according to the Bhaga…"
Prabhupada: When I was writing, I was praying Krsna that "I do not actually accommodate all this knowledge. Please help me." Yes. That's all right."
(Room conversation, Vrindavan, June 18, 1977)

Of course, such statements from a great devotee of the Lord may be considered a sign of his humility. At the same time a great acarya should not necessarily be literally an all-knowing living being, perfect in every possible respect. Such understanding is rather sentimental and is not supported by Srila Prabhupada himself:

"Jayadvaita: ...they know everything and they're perfect in everything. But sometimes, from our material viewpoint, we see some discrepancies. Just like we think that…
Prabhupada: Because material viewpoint. The viewpoint is wrong; therefore you find discrepancies.
Jayadvaita: So we should think that we have the defect.
Prabhupada: Yes. Acarya is explained, bhakti-samsanat. One who's preaching the cult of devotional service, he's acarya. Then why should you find any discrepancy?
Jayadvaita: Just, we see... For instance, sometimes the acarya may seem to forget something or not to know something, so from our point of view, if someone has forgotten, that is…
Prabhupada: No, no, no. Then…
Jayadvaita: ...an imperfection. Prabhupada: That is not the... Then you do not understand. Acarya is not God, omniscient. He is servant of God. His business is to preach bhakti cult. That is acarya.
Jayadvaita: And that is the perfection.
Prabhupada: That is the perfection. Hare Krsna.
Jayadvaita: So we have a misunderstanding about what perfection is?
Prabhupada: Yes. Perfection is here, how he is preaching bhakti cult. That's all."
(Morning walk, April 8, 1975, Mayapura)

So to be an acarya one does not need to know the Surya- siddhanta or astronomy or even understand how exactly Jambudvipa is made of different varsas. One needs to know Krsna and how to preach His message as it is and also have great faith in Him and in the sastra .

But when there is a contradiction between the Bhagavatam and the modern atheistic science, a great devotee of the Lord will naturally stick to the Bhagavatam and will not be obliged to blindly accept the verdict of the modern science, in which there is no place for God.

Or, in other words, it is better to have blind faith in the Srimad-Bhagavatam than in the modern science. Therefore Srila Prabuhpada used this opportunity to promote the Bhagavatam's descriptions against the blind faith in the modern science.

In another conversation quoted below, Srila Prabhupasa also didn't claim that he knew all distances by heart:

"[in car]
Prabhupada: They have not gone to the moon planet.
Paramahamsa: [laughs] Really?
Prabhupada: Yes. It is far, far away. Their calculation is wrong. They are going to a wrong planet.
Paramahamsa: It must be the Rahu planet.
Prabhupada: Yes, or something else. Not moon planet.
Paramahamsa: How many…
Prabhupada: It is above the sun planet.
Paramahamsa: Moon planet is further?
Prabhupada: Yes.
Paramahamsa: Oh. Because they say that the moon planet is the closest planet to the earth. That is their calculation. And they say that it orbits around the earth, and then that the earth orbits the sun.
Prabhupada: All wrong. What is the... According to them, what is the distance of sun planet?
Paramahamsa: Sun planet is 93,000,000 miles.
Ganesa: They say the moon planet is only 250,000 miles.
Prabhupada: It is wrong thing.
Paramahamsa: Is their calculation for the distance of the sun wrong also?
Prabhupada: Yes[11].
Paramahamsa: 93,000,000? It says in the Bhagavatam exactly what the distance?
Prabhupada: The whole universe, diameter, is pancasat-koti-yojana. One yojana equal to eight miles, and one koti is ten miles, er, ten million. So pancasata, fifty into ten million into eight.
Paramahamsa: Yeah. So it's fifty crores yojana. Fifty crores yojanas?
Prabhupada: Yes, fifty crore yojanas, pancasat. So one yojana equal to eight miles, one crore equal to ten million.
Paramahamsa: That's eighty million.
Prabhupada: Hmm?
Paramahamsa: Eighty million times fifty.
Prabhupada: Yes.
Paramahamsa: Means 400,000,000
Srutakirti: Hmm. More than that. Four billion.
Paramahamsa: Four thousand million, which is four billion?
Srutakirti: Four billion miles.
Paramahamsa: Four billion miles is the diameter.
Prabhupada: Is the diameter.
Paramahamsa: You gave that in The Teachings of Lord Caitanya also.
Prabhupada: Yes. And the sun is in the middle.
Paramahamsa: So two billion miles from the edge of the universe.
Prabhupada: Yes. And they say? 93,000,000.
Srutakirti: That's from the earth to the sun. That's not from the sun to the edge. That's from earth to the sun.
Amogha: Is the earth near the edge of the universe?
Prabhupada: No. There are many other planets down. Seven planetary system.
Paramahamsa: The higher planetary systems are closest to the sun? And then…
Prabhupada: No, sun is the middle. This is circumference. Sun is the middle. And the whole diameter is fifty lakhs and... What is...? And moon is above, 200,000 yojanas above the sun[12].
Paramahamsa: Ah. 200,000 yojanas. That means [calculates] 1,600,000 miles above the sun.
Prabhupada: Above the sun. How they'll go? [laughter] They are going to the wrong... Bluffing only. I am repeatedly saying, they have never gone, simply bluff. How it is that they brought some dust? So brilliant, it is blazing, full. There is fire blazing.
[on walk]
Paramahamsa: They say that they've measured the moon and that it's very small compared to the earth, very tiny.
Prabhupada: All wrong.
Paramahamsa: If it's a longer distance than the sun but still it appears so big in the sky, it must be a very large planet.
Prabhupada: Yes. Similarly Venus and others, they are also above.
Paramahamsa: Oh, above the sun."
(Morning Walk, May 12, 1975, Perth)

It is clear from this conversation that Srila Prabhupada didn't actually bother too much with these distances and numbers, apparently he simply wanted to oppose the atheistic science for its denial of God and he found the way to challenge it with the information from the Bhagavatam which he, as a vaisnava , obviously preferred.

Weekdays and planets

Srila Prabhupada would often use the example with the order of weekdays to question the order of planets accepted in the modern astronomy. Here is one example from his books:

"Srila Visvanatha Cakravarti Thakura, an expert astrologer, explains the word naksatra-taradyah . The word naksatra means "the stars," the word tara in this context refers to the planets, and adyah means "the first one specifically mentioned." Among the planets, the first is Surya, the sun, not the moon. Therefore, according to the Vedic version, the modern astronomer's proposition that the moon is nearest to the earth should not be accepted[13].

The chronological order in which people all over the world refer to the days of the week—Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Saturday—corresponds to the Vedic order of the planets and thus circumstantiates the Vedic version[14]. Apart from this, when the Lord appeared the planets and stars became situated very auspiciously, according to astrological calculations, to celebrate the birth of the Lord." (Srimad-Bhagavatam 8.18.5 purport)

This example with weekdays is a reasonable question to ask and it is not so easy to answer for a person with no training in Jyotisa. It appears that there were no people around Srila Prabhupada who knew Jyotisa quite well to give a satisfactory answer.

Therefore he would go on using it, seeing that no one among his disciples or people who he would speak to could answer this challenge. Srila Prabhupada himself said in many conversations that no one could answer this simple question. Here are some examples:

"Prabhupada: ...has answered my question why Monday first, er, yes, Sunday first and Saturday last? All over the world, in India also, Sunday, er, Monday first... No. Sunday first, Monday second. Ask your scientist friend why this arrangement, Sunday first, Monday second, Saturday last? [break]"
(Morning Walk, May 25, 1976, Honolulu)

"Prabhupada: Yes. From the... That question I was discussing the other day. In the common sense, question, that all over the world, they accept Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, in this way Saturday last. So why these arrangement, Sunday first and Monday second? And nobody could reply it. But as a layman I can conclude that sun planet is first and the moon planet is next. So if you cannot go to the sun planet, which is ninety-three million miles away, how you can go to the moon planet within four days? Nobody could answer me. Can you answer?…
Prabhupada: Of course, we do not go into the details of this. My question is that why Sunday first and Monday second? Nobody can apli..., replies. "
(Room Conversation with Reporter, June 4, 1976, Los Angeles)

"Prabhupada: ...why Sunday first and Monday second, all over the world?
Satsvarupa: Sun, moon.
Prabhupada: Yes. [break] [on walk] Sun planet, moon planet, Mars, Jupiter, like this; last, Saturn. So if this is systematic, then this calculation also means sun planet first. Why Sunday first?
Hari-sauri: You've defeated everyone, Srila Prabhupada.
Prabhupada: Any one of these boys can answer? Why Sunday first?Ambarisa Maharaja?
Ambarisa: Why Sunday first? Because the sun is closer to the earth. [laughs]
Prabhupada: That is my version.
Ambarisa: Yes, I agree with that.
Prabhupada: But why do they say the moon planet first?
Ambarisa: Because their senses are imperfect.
Prabhupada: Svarupa Damodara also, he also not replied satisfactory.
(Morning Walk, June 15, 1976, Detroit)

Earlier Srila Prabhupada had asked his leading scientist disciple about this in a letter and apparently did not receive any satisfactory answer:

"…In the words of Bhagavad-gita, they are described as mudhah, mayaya-apahrta jnana. Besides that, can you tell me what is the scientific opinion of the days being consecutively Sunday then Monday, then Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, and last Saturday? What is the history of this set-up? (from Sunday to Saturday). According to our sastra, sun is first, then moon, then Venus, Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, like that. In other words, from Bhagavatam we understand that the moon is 1,600,000 miles above the sun[15].

If that is true, then is it possible to go to the moon planet by persons who can never imagine to go the distance to the sun planet? Under the circumstances, if we say that they have never gone to the moon planet, is it exaggeration? You are a scientist, I hope you will reply these 2 points scientifically. If the moon planet is actually far away from the sun planet, how they can go there and publish in the paper that the moon planet is the nearest planet." (Letter to Svarupa Damodara, Mauritius, 24 October, 1975)

According to the astrological concept of hora every hour of the day has its own ruler (horesa ) who succeed each other in the reverse order from the Siddhantic (or geocentric) order of planets (i.e. from slowest to fastest – from Saturn to the Moon). In other words, the hour ruled by Saturn is followed by the hour ruled by Jupiter, then by Mars, then by the Sun, then by Venus, then by Mercury, then by the Moon and then again by Saturn and so on.

The ruler of the hour in which the sun rises gives its name to the day of the week. Because there are 24 horas (hours) and seven rulers of hours there is a remainder of 3 after a whole day and a night passes. So the next day at sunrise the ruler of the hour will not be the next in the sequence but the one three places down in the reverse geocentric order. Here is an example:

1st hour (sunrise) – Saturn (thus making the day Saturday)
2nd hour – Jupiter
3rd hour – Mars
4th hour – Sun
5th hour – Venus
6th hour – Mercury
7th hour – Moon
8th hour – Saturn
…
22nd hour – Saturn
23rd hour – Jupiter
24th hour – Mars
25th hour (1st hour of the next day) – Sun (thus the day is Sunday) and so on.

This system is concisely summarized in the Surya- siddhanta (12.78):

mandad adhah kramena syus caturtha divasadhipah

Translation: "Starting from Saturn downwards the fourth planet is called the ruler of the day." [16]

Conclusion

In the absence of a person expert in Jyotisa or Indian astronomy who could explain the questions and challenges that Srila Prabhupada would raise, and with no access to the Surya-siddhanta (especially with Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura's translation) and in the all-pervasive presence of the modern atheistic scientific ideas it makes every sense and is very natural that Srila Prabhupada, being avaisnava , chose to uphold the Bhagavatam's version of the distance to the moon and not that of the atheistic science.

Moreover, Srila Prabhupada used these descriptions from the Bhagavatam as the opportunity to slacken his disciples' faith in the atheistic (and often even demoniac) science as well as the modern civilization based on it. Here are some of the obvious reasons why such science and civilization were opposed and harshly criticized by Srila Prabhupada:

- practically complete denial of God and disregard for His laws;
- propagating the Big Bang theory and the "creation by chance";
- propagating the Darwin theory of the evolution of humans from apes;
- teaching that life came from matter and promising to create life in test-tubes in the near future;
- promoting unrestrained sex life (including extramarital), as well as contraceptives and abortions (sometimes euphemistically called "removal of an unwanted tissue") as its concomitant result;
- maintaining thousands of slaughterhouses for the mass slaughter of animals on a daily basis;
- creating weapons of mass destruction and waging wars with little or no substantial reason (maintaining the "dog mentality" in Srila Prabhupada's words);
- encouraging people to waste the valuable human form of life in useless activities;
- encouraging people to thoughtlessly indulge in sense gratification, etc[17][ii].

Additionally, a historical factor may have also played some role in Srila Prabhupada's conviction that "they never went to the moon" [18]. The Cold War was at its height in the sixties and seventies and the Space Race, started in 1955, was an important part of it. Each side in the Cold War competitions (like the space race, moon race, missile race, nuclear arms race, etc.) evidently used propaganda ("bluffing" in Srila Prabhupada's words) to further their agendas and to seem ahead of the rivals.
Appendix

A question of siddhanta

This difference between the Puranic and Siddhantic astronomy, both endorsed by our acaryas, may lead to a question of the authority of sastric statements about the material reality, such as geographical or astronomical sizes and distances, which are not supported by our observation and experience. Are they also siddhanta ? Orsiddhanta is only restricted to transcendental philosophical truths and thus only such siddhanta statements must be taken according to their direct meaning? If geographical and astronomical dimensions and distances of objects within the material universe are not siddhanta , then perhaps we are not obliged to take the direct meaning?

These are important questions, but unfortunately no previous acarya has given direct answers to them[iii].

We can safely say that these geographical or astronomical descriptions are not direct statements of siddhanta in the sense that they do not directly pertain to the categories of sambandha, abhidheya and prayojana. Siddhanta is that the Supreme Lord possesses three energies — internal, external and marginal, and the living entities, who belong to the last category, are conditioned by maya in the material world and are, therefore, suffering or enjoying in different species of life on different planets or levels of consciousness and standards of life.

The Fifth Canto, which predominantly describes sthanam or various positions of the living entities in the material world, also provides such geographical or astronomical information regarding these different planets with different standards of life, including the distances and sizes[19]. Thus these descriptions are a contextual application of siddhanta, which may therefore be relative to these various levels of consciousness. Direct statements of siddhanta (falling into categories of sambandha, abhidheya and prayojana) are absolute, objective and applicable to all. Contextual application of siddhanta may be relative, subjective and may not correspond to our observable reality but may correspond to the reality as perceived by the living beings, who are in another type of reality or level of consciousness[20].

Just as the time is perceived differently by Lord Brahma and by an ant or even human beings on earth, similarly, the space may be perceived differently by living beings on different planets or levels of consciousness. Thus even these statements of geography and astronomy in the Bhagavatam that are seemingly in conflict with our observable reality should not be discarded as fabulous.

________________________________

FOOTNOTES

See SB 5.22.8 and 5.23.9 purport.

2 See, for example, SB 6.6.23.

3 Sri Madhva-vijaya, chapter 6.

4 Besides that, in the Bhagavatam (specifically in the Fifth Canto) there are several similar statements regarding the structure of our universe which are in direct conflict with our perception, modern science and common knowledge – for instance that the earth (or rather Bhu-mandala) has nine different varsas which are separated from each other by the different mountains, including Himalayas. It can not be said that the different varsas are the continents of the earth because 1) there is no division of the four yugas in all varsas except for Bharata-varsa (Visnu Purana 2.3.19, quoted by Visvanatha Cakravatri Thakura in his SB 5.19.19 commentary) while we see a clear presence of Kali-yuga in all continents of the earth; 2) in each of the nine varsas there are presiding Deities with a great devotee worshiping Them and we find such worship only in the Bharata-varsa and not on any other continent of the earth.

Even if we assume that it was there in the remote past and has disappeared since then we still face the problem of the huge mountains separating different varsas, of which we only know the Himalayas – where are the rest of them? Even if we say that the rest of the mountains are the other big mountains on the earth like Andes, Alps, Cordillera etc., still their height is not as big as given in the Bhagavatam and they do not seem to separate any varsas. So again, this must refer to some other, subtle plane inaccessible to us.

5 See SB 5.16.7 and 5.16.28.

6 See SB 5.24.2-3, for example.

7 Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura translated Arya-siddhanta and Siddhanta-siromani (Graha-ganita-adhyaya) in his monthly astrological magazine named Jyotirvid in 1902. See Jyotirvid vol. 2, no. 5, p.20 (Bhadra 1824 Saka, September 1902) and vol. 3, no. 10, p.200 (Pausa 1826 Saka, December 1904) for the verses quoted here. The Surya-siddhanta with his translation was published separately in 1896.

8 Srila Prabhupada provides a quote from the Goladhyaya section of the Siddhanta-siromani in his purport to Caitanya- caritamrta, Antya 2.10, which is taken from his Guru Maharaja's Anubhasya commentary.

9 Bhaskara's commentators mention that he refers here to such scholars as Varaha Mihira (6th cent. CE). In his Brhat-samhita (chapter 5) Varaha rejected the idea that eclipses are caused by Rahu, insisting that they are only caused by the earth's shadow (lunar) or by the moon (solar). Varaha Mihira's opinion was also criticized by Bhaskara's predecessor Brahmagupta in his Brahma-sphuta-siddhanta (21.37-39) as being "against the customs of people and foreign to the Vedas, smrtis and samhitas." Along with Varaha Mihira, Brahmagupta also mentions other Indian astronomers, such as Srisena (late 6th cent.), Aryabhata (476–550) and Visnucandra (c. 550–600) as supporting the same idea.

0 See Srila Bhaktisiddanta Sarasvati Thakura's Jyotirvid, Sravan 1824 [July–August 1902], p.46.

1 See endnote ii.

2 See endnote ii.

3 The Siddhanta astronomy also maintains that the moon is the nearest planet to the earth (cf. Surya-siddhanta 12.85-89).

4 There are two orders of the planets that can be called "Vedic" — the one given in the Puranas (including Srimad-Bhagavatam) and the order given in the Siddhantas(including Surya-siddhanta and the works of medieval Indian astronomers). The latter is essentially the well-known geocentric system. The order of the days of the week, however, does not seem to fully correspond to either of them. These orders are as follows:

Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn (planets corresponding to the days of the week) Sun, Moon, Venus, Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn (Puranic order, cf. Bhagavatam, Canto Five, chapter 22) Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn (Siddhantic order, cf. Surya-siddhanta 12.85-89).

5 See endnote ii.

6 Similar concise statements may also be found in other famous astrological works like Aryabhatiya (3.16) (which was translated by Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura in his magazine Jyotirvid, 1901-1902) and Brahmagupta's Brahma-sphuta-siddhanta (21.13).

7 Srila Prabhupada summarized his attitude towards the moon landing controversy and the modern science in his letter to a disciple, who apparently developed some doubts in the Bhagavatam version:

"I do not know how these doubts have come upon you. Why bother about all these things? They are not very important. Everything is explained in Bhagavad-gita, Srimad-Bhagavatam, why you are still asking? If you believe whatever the material so-called scientists are saying, that is your business, but I do not believe any of their so-called observations in outer space by the blunt material senses can be true without any doubt.

So why you doubt Vedas and not scientists. I cannot even see into the next room, how I can see anything very surely so many millions of miles distant? But if someone who has been there tells me, then I can know everything about that place. So we must have to take the authority of experienced persons to get the truth, and what experience our so-called scientists have got? Can they deliver even an ant from the miserable conditions of this spot- life, from birth, death, disease, and old age? No. They have spent simply millions of dollars to make a show of their so-called learning and the result is a handful of dust, that's all. So we are not very much impressed by them, neither we take their version as perfect.

They will say that millions of years ago the human beings were primitive hunters. But if we see Vedic language, we can understand that their thought and language and intelligence was not that of primitive men, no. If you are looking for some excuse to doubt, then maya will always provide you. So this or that you may find out something flaw if you want. But Krsna says surrender unto Me and I will give you all protection, perfect knowledge of everything. You should not go to modern scientists for perfect knowledge. They cannot supply that. Krsna will supply you.

Of course, sometimes there is allegorical reference in the Vedas, just like the body is called the city of nine gates, like that, so we may sometimes misunderstand due to our imperfect reading. Even it is true that they have landed on the moon, so what is their accomplishment? If I come to Earth planet and land in the Sahara desert, then I say, "Oh, this planet is a barren desert, no one lives here?" The moon may be like that or like this, so what does that help to our Krsna consciousness movement. We have nothing to do with moon planet or this planet and that planet in Krsna consciousness.

We simply want to serve to Krsna, that's all. Do not be disturbed by these things. Simply go on with your work in positive mood. That will be best for you and for other also. After all intelligence to understand Krsna is not within the range of your material senses. You cannot make any experiments and calculations and expect to find Krsna. But if somehow or other you are fortunate enough to find out a pure devotee of the Lord, then you get opportunity to him, and as you surrender Krsna gives you the intelligence by which you may come to him, that is sure.

No other process will give us any intelligence to understand things as they are, except Krsna consciousness."(Letter to Tirthanga dasa, n.d.)

8 "It is my firm conviction that they did not go to the moon. Neither they'll be able to go to the Mars as they have planned it." (Room conversation July 6, 1976, Washington, D.C.) .

9 Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu taught Rupa Gosvami and Sanatana Gosvami all intricacies of the Gaudiya-siddhanta as recorded in chapters 19-24 of the Madhya-lila of Sri Caitanya-caritamrta. However, He made no mention of astronomical or geographic details regarding distances, sizes, orders, etc., and and only cursorily mentioned the existence of seven dvipas and nine varsas in one sentence (Madhya 20.218) .

20 Srila Prabhupada's respected Godbrother Sri Bhakti Raksaka Sridhara Maharaja offered a similar explanation in one of his conversations: "ISKCON Devotee: When our Guru Maharaja was translating Bhagavata there was some conservation with yourself regarding the sun and moon. The moon is closer or the sun is closer.

Sridhara Maharaja: Yes. I showed one direction that is not in consideration of physical distance but I think it will be better, the distance of influence. Influence. Just as in political, Russia is closer to India than America than Pakistan. So how? The nearness calculation of the friendly relations of influence.

So I like say we may take in that way. Not in physical distance. Suns influence over the earth is first, next that of moon, next that of Mars. In this way perhaps we may proceed. I got some hint in that direction. If we are challenged we may take this course. But my ultimate basis of argument is that it is subjective. It is like a hypnotizer. That the Lord showed Sukadeva at that time, it is described like that. He might have showed that sort to anyone and everyone.

And sometimes, one in particular, it is in his hands. Subjective control. Not the objective will control us to see a thing. But the subject as he likes can make a show like a hypnotizer. That is my view. So everything can be explained. The higher seer is controlling us to see anything. The man here what he sees another man wont see. Subjective control. Like that of a hypnotizer.

Visvarupa-darsana in Bhagavad-gita. What is it? Arjuna you see this I am so and so. And Arjuna is seeing that. Its not that the object is controlling the experience of the subject. But the super-subject is controlling the experience of the lower subject. That is my understanding. Everything is controlled by the higher.

The root is above, not from the fossil. The fossil will control me to see him always, no such base law, such a mean law I am ready to accept. Devotee: In case of argument comes how do we describe that the moon is nearer? Sridhara Maharaja: Not in the physical measurement of distance, but influence. In the line of influence the sun is nearer to the Earth. And in the line of influence the moon is next." (Conversation with devotees, November 2, 1981)

i At times Srila Prabhupada, in his usual attitude denouncing atheistic science, did apparently presume that airplane is actually flying on a much higher altitude, but the modern scientists simply cannot measure the height of these mountains accurately:

"There are so many mountains, even on this planet earth. We do not think that the measurements of all of them have actually been calculated. While passing over the mountainous region from Mexico to Caracas, we actually saw so many mountains that we doubt whether their height, length and breadth have been properly measured. " (Srimad-Bhagavatam 5.16.10p).

"Bhakti-prema: ...square. Thirty-four thousand yojanas in [indistinct], in this. Kimpurusa-varsa. This is Kimpurusa-varsa. That is between Himalaya and Hemakuta Mountain. And again Hari-varsa is between Hemakuta Mountain and Nisadha Mountain. And this Ramyaka...
Prabhupada: Where is geographical description of this?
Tamala Krsna: They don't even know they exist.
Prabhupada: Little description of the Himalayas.
Tamala Krsna: That's all.
Prabhupada: That is also not sufficient. In Europe, when we go over the mountain, huge mountainous tract, who knows about it? We are passing just like on a roof, aeroplane. You have seen? Huge. They have no information what is there. And Switzerland...
Tamala Krsna: Switzerland.
Prabhupada: ...I have seen mountain goat. Where it has gone, nobody knows. Still.
Bhakti-prema: In Srimad-Bhagavatam it is described more or less. Himalaya Mountain is 80,000 miles high and 16,000 miles wide. So each of these mountains are 16,000 miles wide and 80,000 miles high. And that means it is start from Badrinath up to Siberia. That is 60,000 miles, er, 16,000.
Prabhupada: But height, they have no...
Bhakti-prema: Height, 80,000 miles high.
Prabhupada: Eighty thousand.
Bhakti-prema: We cannot measure. Aeroplane cannot...
…
Yasodanandana: Then it prescribes in verse number nine that "South of Ilavrta-varsa extending from east to west are the great..., three great mountains named Nisadha Parvata, Hemakuta Parvata and Himalaya. Each of them is 10,000 yojanas high, 80,000 miles high." That means... The scientists have understood that the Himalayas are three and a half miles high, but we say... How much the Himalayas? Twenty-eight... Five and a half miles high. We say it's 80,000 miles high. The Bhagavatam says.
Prabhupada: They could not measure the whole thing. That is not possible." (Room conversation, Vrindavan, June 18, 1977)

This, of course, should be taken as a general distrust of the atheistic science which we will attempt to explain in the end. Otherwise, no one can say that a pilot of an airplane flying over the Himalayas, having all flight data in front of him and having all "control" over his machine, does not realize that his jet actually flies on the altitude above 10,000 yojanas (130,000 km) and yet in the end he successfully lands the jet from that hight exactly in time calculated in advance, having used the calculated amount of fuel.

ii It seems that Srila Prabhupada would revenge for this atheistic propaganda by using the distance to the sun as given by the modern scientists (which is actually much bigger than the distance given in the Bhagavatam) and add to it the double distance from the sun to the moon taken from the Bhagavatam.

Here are some examples:

From the purport to Srimad-Bhagavatam 8.10.38:

"The sun is supposed to be 93,000,000 miles above the surface of the earth, and from the Srimad-Bhagavatam we understand that the moon is 1,600,000 miles above the sun. Therefore the distance between the earth and the moon would be about 95,000,000 miles. So if a space capsule were traveling at the speed of 18,000 miles per hour, how could it reach the moon in four days? At that speed, going to the moon would take at least seven months. That a space capsule on a moon excursion has reached the moon in four days is therefore impossible."

From the Quest for Enlightenment:

"The sun is 93 million miles away from us, but still we are feeling scorching heat—120 degrees, 135 degrees."

From the lecture on Srimad-Bhagavatam 6.1.1-4, 20.05.1975 in Melbourne:

"You are trying to go to the moon planet bogusly. I'll say bogusly because you could not go there. The moon planet is far away from the sun planet. So it is not possible to go there by the so-called jets plane. No. It is far, far away. It is sixteen hundred thousand miles away from the sun.

The modern scientist calculation is ninety-three million miles, the sun is situated, and above that, sixteen hundred thousand miles up, there is moon planet. So by the Vedic calculation it is not possible to go there by the method we are attempting. That is not possible."

Morning Walk, October 9, 1975, Durban:

Prabhupada: And the sastra definitely gives the distance of the moon from the sun planet—1,600,000 miles.

But actually according to Srimad-Bhagavatam 5.22.8 the moon is only 100,000 yojanas (800,000 miles) away from the rays of the sun, still Srila Prabhupada in his conversations and lectures would almost always say that it is 1,600,000 miles (twice as much).

And here Srila Prabhupada directly says that we accept the modern estimation of the distance to the sun:

"Hari-sauri: We did that calculation on the basis of 95,000,000 miles, which is about 2,000,000 miles from what the distance we get from the Bhagavatam, combined with 93,000,000 miles…
Prabhupada: But they accept [sic:] ninety-three miles. Sun is [sic:] ninety-three miles away.
Hari-sauri: But we don't say that.
Prabhupada: No, no. We say also.
Hari-sauri: What? 93,000,000?
Prabhupada: Yes.
Hari-sauri: Oh."
(Morning Walk, May 25, 1976, Honolulu)

From the room conversation with a reporter, June 4, 1976, Los Angeles:

"Prabhupada: Calculation, they have calculation that sun planet is ninety-three million miles from. That is, they have accepted. I also accept it. I say the moon planet is 1,600,000 miles still further. So you cannot go to the sun planet, how can go to the moon planet?Yadubara: According to the Bhagavatam, the sun is also 93,000,000 miles away from the earth? Prabhupada: That is we shall see later on. It is about.

The whole diameter is 4 billions. And sun is situated almost in the middle. It is my firm conviction that they did not go to the moon. Neither they'll be able to go to the Mars as they have planned it."

Actually, in his purport to Srimad-Bhagavatam 5.23.9 Srila Prabhupada writes (quoting Visvanatha Cakravarti who in turn quotes from the Visnu Purana) that the earth is only 100,000 yojanas (800,000 miles) away from the sun. This is more than 100 times less than 93,000,000 miles that Srila Prabhupada would always give while discussing going to the moon.

From this it seems that Srila Prabhupada would use the bigger number from the modern science just to emphasize his statement that the astronauts could not go to the moon.

If we take the measurements from the Bhagavatam as linear we can say that the moon is 200,000 yojanas (1,600,000 miles) away from the earth, which is way lesser (60 times less) than the number of 95,000,000 miles that Srila Prabhupada would usually give. And it is only 6.7 times bigger than the distance to the moon as accepted in the modern science (239,000 miles).

According to the modern science this distance is travelable for manned spaceships, while 95,000,000 miles is not.

iii We have only two rather indefinite hints from our recent acaryas regarding this controversy between the Bhagavatam version and our material reality, quoted below. There are also two interestingly mysterious points in this regard—no one among traditional commentators compares the Bhagavatam descriptions of the universe with the siddhantic astronomy, and even those vaisnavas who were expert in thesiddhantic astronomy like Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura apparently never addressed this issue.

Although he at least once made a statement directly related to our discussion—in his last address to his disciples, on the morning of 18 December 1936, thirteen days before his departure from this world. His disciple Sundarananda Vidyavinoda took notes and later published them in the Gaudiya (17.471–73; 11 February 1939). Here is an excerpt from that address, a translation of which was included in Sri Bhaktisiddhanta Vaibhava (Vol. 3, pp. 67-72) under a title "Deceitful Disciples". I

highlighted the statements directly related to the topic:

"Our Sri Rupa said:

sajatiyasaye snigdhe sadhau sangah svato vare
srimad-bhagavatarthanam asvado rasikaih saha

One should associate with devotees who are more advanced than oneself and endowed with a similar type of affection for the Lord (sajatiya-asaya), and should taste the meaning of Srimad-Bhagavatam in the association of pure devotees. (Brs 1.2.90)

I never indulge in jana-sanga. Vijatiya people surrounded my guru-pada-padma on all four sides. Fools thought, "He is keeping association with vijatiya people. He appreciates them; he always stays with them.» In reality, he did exactly the opposite. As much as he paid external honor to somebody, to that degree he deceived him; for we can judge anything by the fruit it bears.

Persons desirous to enjoy sense objects did not actually associate with my guru-padapadma, nor did they ever get his darsana. If we come to study Srimad-Bhagavatam to learn geography and astronomy, then we prove to be anya-jatiya-asaya. In the same way, some come to see a sadhu or guru to study his scholarship, appearance, skills, and so on.

They want to collect dharma-artha-kama-moksa from a sadhu or guru. If this is my case then I am anyajatiya-asaya. Servants of Sri Rupa do not associate with me, for I am vijatiya-asaya, but deceive me by giving me objects of this world:

astv evam anga bhagavan bhajatam mukundo
muktim dadati karhicit sma na bhakti-yogam

To many who worship Him, Bhagavan Mukunda (Krsna) gives liberation, yet very rarely does He bestow direct loving service. (SB 5.6.18)

Because the Bhagavatam does not know geography and astronomy, we will not neglect it. The anya-jatiya-asaya say, "From Srimad- Bhagavatam I will take only spiritual advice, and will do everything else taking the advice of the public who are averse to Krsna."

Those not established in the anukulyasya sankalpah pratikulyasya varjanam verse of Sri Rupa, in accepting only things favorable to bhakti and rejecting everything unfavorable, are not surrendered to guru-pada-padma."

Later in the same discourse he also said (in English): "So we must not consider that Rupa Gosvami was a fool because he had no chance to learn modern science, astronomy, or geography."

All these statements were not elaborated upon. They may be seen as a "tongue-in-cheek" acknowledgment of the Bhagavatam's so called "defects" in the material field of knowledge, but given the fact that Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura was a great astronomer in his youth, he might have spoken from the point of view that corresponds to our perception or science and seemingly contradicts the Bhagavatam's version.

We also have some statements from Srila Bhaktivinoda Thakura, who spoke about related topics in his famous "Bhagavatam speech" in 1869, which was reprinted many times by Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Saravati Thakura:

"In the common-place books of the Hindu religion in which the Raja and Tama Gunas have been described as the ways of religion, we have descriptions of a local heaven and a local hell; the Heaven as beautiful as anything on earth and the Hell a ghastly as any picture of evil. Besides this Heaven we have many more places where good souls are sent up in the way of promotion!

There are 84 divisions of the Hell itself, some more dreadful than the one Milton has described in his Paradise Lost. These are certainly poetical and were originally created by the rulers of the country in order to check evil deed of the ignorant people, who are not able to understand the conclusions of philosophy.

The religion of the Bhagavat is free from such a poetry. Indeed, in some of the chapters we meet with descriptions of these hells and heavens, and accounts of curious tales, but we have been warned somewhere in the book, not to accept them as real facts, but as inventions to overawe the wicked and to improve the simple and the ignorant.

The Bhagavat certainly tells us of a state of reward and punishment in the future according to deeds in our present situation. All poetic inventions, besides this spiritual fact, have been described as statements borrowed from other works in the way of preservation of old traditions in the book which superseded them and put an end to the necessity of their storage."