The reason why Krsna gave the marginal living entities (jiva-souls) "free will", is so they can ALWAYS choose for themselves how to voluntarily interact with Krsna with loving reciprocal exchanges (loving devotional service).

By forever increasing, expanding and enriching their individual unique contributions of selfless loving offerings to Krsna, the Supreme Personality of Godhead and cause of ALL causes. 

The individual jiva-souls are independent living entities in the Spiritual Sky's Vaikuntha planets, Goloka-Vrindavana, and also in the temporary material creation, yet are simultaneously fully dependent on Krsna or Visnu.

The most important quality of Krsna's marginal potency is self expression or "free will" because loving exchanges can only exist within a "two-way" relationship.

All jiva-souls (marginal living entities) have their own unique personality separate from Krsna's Personality, free will, and a unique sense of being a PERSON independent from Krsna's absolute control, yet simultaneously always dependent on His energies.

This is because EVERYTHING is part and parcel of Krsna who is the Supreme Personality of Godhead and cause of ALL causes.

Independent from Krsna's absolute control refers to a dictatorial controlling God who denies the individual jiva-souls from voluntarily expressing their own unique actions and thoughts.

Ultimately Krsna is the Supreme controller who knows everything but allows free will to allow separate unique identities, diversity, mystery and loving contributing exchanges.

If Krsna did not allow such independent thoughts and actions that the jiva-souls have, and instead was always in complete control, then genuine loving relationships in a two-way exchange would NEVER exist.

How can a jiva-soul with no free will or mind of its own voluntarily contribute to their relationship with Krsna that deepens, expands and enriches loving exchanges?

How can there be loving exchanges and reciprocation with Krsna if it is only a "one-sided" affair where Krsna commands everything from the jiva-soul like a puppet master controls his mindless puppets?

Without free will there is no possibility of love because love is only possible in a "two-way" open exchange of feelings from two totally separate personalities. 

Those two separate individuals are the individual jiva-souls and Krsna. 

And yes, Krsna allows this so He can experience voluntary loving relationships with the jiva-souls.

The reason why Krsna gave the jiva-souls their free will in the first place, as independent living entities, is so the jiva-souls can choose for themselves how to voluntarily contribute and serve Krsna in Vaikuntha and Goloka Vrindavana in their own unique way, WITHOUT being forced by being totally controlled by Krsna’s demands.

No, Krsna does NOT want mindless stone like servants like that, who have no mind of their own and cannot think for themselves in their own unique way, by making their own decisions on how THEY can choose to serve Krsna by contributing to the relationship the way they choose.

Without free will, genuine loving relations and feelings with Krsna can NEVER exist!

The jiva-souls in the spiritual world are NOT programmed mindless impersonal drones who only obey and are always told what to do, never to offer their own unique personal contributions, or allowed to think and decide for themselves of how to serve Krsna in their own singular way.

Only by having free will (the freedom to choose to make one's own unique contributions in one's relationship with Krsna) in the spiritual world, can genuine loving exchanges and reciprocation take place in a two-way exchange.

Without "free will" the jiva-soul is no better than dead stone Prabhupada has warned us.

Furthermore, Krsna NEVER interferes with the free will of the jiva-souls because if He did and never allowed them to have the "free will" to make their own choices in the spiritual world, then loving exchanges of voluntarily reciprocation with Krsna could also never exist.

If one is forced to worship Krsna or Visnu, then that is NOT love, it is tyranny, bullying and impersonalism.

That "impersonal mayavadi" nonsense version of God's abode, is where the jiva-souls are forced to surrender their "free will," individual sense of self and personality to Krsna or Visnu.

Such bogus so called devotees and their sangas, mislead aspiring Vaisnavas by saying - 

"You MUST fully "surrender your free will prabhu" by letting Krsna flow through you and taking over your individual existence, allowing Him to do all the thinking and actions for you."

Such dangerous IMPERSONAL so called surrender is spiritual suicide to REAL Vaisnavas and devotees attempting to achieve natural Krsna Consciousness.

This kind of nonsense "surrender" is attempting to "extinguish" the unique individual identity and independent personality of the jiva-souls and just be Krsna's mindless puppet in Vaikuntha or Goloka-Vrindavana.

Having "free will" allows the jiva-soul (marginal living entity) to be the individual independent PERSON they are eternally in Krsna's perpetual Kingdom, where they can ALWAYS think for themselves and choose how to voluntarily contribute the very best they have as their own personal unique offering to Krsna. 

This is the REAL Goloka Vrindavana and Vaikuntha planets that are the eternal kingdom of Krsna (God).

Srila Prabhupada - "If you have no free will, then you are a stone. The stone has no free will. You want to be stone? Then you must have free will. But don't misuse your free will. But don't try to become stone either. That is not life." (Aug 5, 1976, New Mayapur France)

Srila Prabhupada – "So everyone can know that independence means one can use it properly, or one can misuse it. That is independence. If you make it one way only, that is not independence, that is force." (Los Angeles, June 23, 1975)

Srila Prabhupada  - "Free will means that you can act wrongly. That is free will. Unless there is chance of doing wrong or right, there is no question of free will. Where is free will then? If I act only one sided, that means I have no free will. Because we act sometimes wrongly, that means free will."

Hayagriva -  "A man may know better but still act wrongly."

Srila Prabhupada - "Yes, but that is free will. He misuses his. Just like a thief, he knows that his stealing, it is bad, but still he does it. That is free will. He cannot check his greediness, so in spite of his knowing that he is doing wrong thing—he will be punished, he knows; he has seen another thief, he was punished, he was put into prison— everything he knows, but still he steals. Why? Misuse of free will. Unless there is misuse of free will, there is no question of free will." (Excerpt from: Philosophy Discussions with Srila Prabhupada – Rene Descartes)

Srila Prabhupada - "Love means you take and you give also. Suppose if you love somebody and you simply take from him, but you don't give. Oh, do you think it is very good? No. It is not good. That is NOT love. That is exploitation. If I go on simply taking from you, and if I don't offer you anything, that is simply exploitation." (Lecture on BG, Ch 9 text 2-5, New York City, Nov 23, 1966)

Srila Prabhupada - "We have got the propensity to love. Love means somebody else. Love cannot be one or love cannot be executed only one, personally. There must be another one. I love somebody; somebody loves me, there must be lover, there must be beloved, and the transaction, then love." (Lecture SB, Canto 1 Ch 2 text 6, Delhi, Nov 12, 1973)

Srila Prabhupada - "Their (impersonalist) philosophy is oneness. So how there be love with just one? Is it possible? Have you got any such experience that love means one? No. Love means two. There MUST be two, the lover and the beloved. Kṛṣṇa is already lover. He loves you so much that He's trying to get you back. That is Kṛṣṇa's attempt. "Please, My dear boy, or My dear friend, My dear servant..." (Lecture SB, Canto 2 Ch 1 text 3, Paris, June 12, 1974)

Srila Prabhupada - "So if by free will you choose to surrender to Krsna then you’ll get your REAL free will, (freedom). Otherwise you are under the clutches of maya." (Morning Walk – 14 July 14, 1975, Philadelphia)

Srila Prabhupada - "Unless there is a possibility of misusing our free will and having the choice of doing right or wrong, then there is no question of freedom." (Dialectical Spiritualism, Critique of Descartes)

Srila Prabhupada - "As soon as we try, “Oh, this material world is very nice,", Krsna says, “yes, you go and enjoy the material world", otherwise what is the meaning of "free will?" Every living entity has got a little "free will". And Krsna is so kind, He gives him opportunity, "All right, you enjoy like this. It is free will. Just like one goes to the prisonhouse, not that government welcomes, "Come on. We have got prisonhouse. Come here, come here." He goes out of his free will; again comes out, again goes. Like that." (Morning Walk At Cheviot Hills Golf Course, May 13, 1973, Los Angeles)

Only impersonalist pray for "oneness," to be an inactive in Krsna's effulgence by merging dormantly and become a spark in the Brahmajyoti effulgence.

To a Vaisnava (devotee of Krsna) such an attempt to extinguish your individuality, personality and identity as a PERSON is spiritual suicide.

However, devotees can pray to be a flower, a tree, a blade of grass, a chair, a flag pole, a chariot etc in Vaikuntha or Goloka-Vrindavana but this seemingly inactive position is very actively ecstatically involved in Krsna's PERSONAL service centred around Him, and is never IMPERSONAL and selfish centred around one's self alone.

Srila Prabhupada - "The jiva-soul's position in the spiritual world is voluntary. Some devotee wants to serve Krsna as flower; they become flower there. If I want to be a flower they can lie down at the lotus feet of Krsna and become flower, voluntarily. And he can change from flower to human body. That is spiritual life. There is no restriction. If some devotee wants to serve Krsna as cow, he serves Krsna as cow, as calf, as flower, as plant, as water, as ground, field, or as father, as mother, as friend, as beloved, anything. It is inconceivable, yet a fact." (SB, Canto 6 Ch 1 text 1-4 - Melb, Australia May 20, 1975)

There are five loving voluntary relationships the jiva-souls can have with Krsna.

These five are -

1 - Neutrality, 

2 - Servitude, 

3 - Friendship, 

4 - Parental affection, 

5 - And conjugal love.

A devotee has a relationship with Krsna the Supreme Personality of Godhead and cause of ALL causes, in five different ways-

1. One may be a devotee in a passive (inactive) state;

2. One may be a devotee in an active state;

3. One may be a devotee as a friend;

4. One may be a devotee as a parent;

5. One may be a devotee as a conjugal lover.''

Srila Prabhupada - "A pure devotee of Kṛṣṇa is never under the modes of material nature. In other words, no material laws apply on a pure devotee because he is fully under the direction of Krsna. So a devotee can continue his present occupation or he may change it if he likes. Krsna does not force a devotee because the devotee acts spontaneously according to the desire of the Lord, in this kind of loving service there is no question of force." (Letter to Madhudvisa, Los Angeles Feb 14, 1970)

The jiva-souls in Vaikuntha and Goloka Vrindavana are forever voluntarily expanding the expression of their individuality with an increasing variety of personal devotional offerings based on free will, it is NEVER a one sided master/mindless slave relationship with Krsna as Prabhupada explains.

Srila Prabhupada – "Love is reciprocal, voluntary, good exchange of feeling. Then there is love. Not by force, no, Krsna does not want to become a lover like that, ‘You love me, otherwise I shall kill you!" (Washington DC July 8, 1976)

frcrcSrila Prabhupada - "If you have no free will, then you are a stone. The stone has no free will. You want to be stone? Then you must have free will!" (Aug 5, 1976, New Mayapur France)

Srila Prabhupada - "The (impersonalist) philosophy is oneness. So how there can be love, one? Is it possible? Have you got any such experience? Love means one? No. Love means two. There must be two, the lover and the beloved. Kṛṣṇa is already lover. He's so lover of you that He's trying to get you back. That is Kṛṣṇa's attempt. "Please, My dear boy, or My dear friend, My dear servant..." (Lecture SB, Canto 2 Ch 1 text 3, Paris, June 12, 1974)

Srila Prabhupada - "Love means you take and you give also. Suppose if you love somebody and you simply take from him, but you don't give. Oh, do you think it is very good? No. It is not good. That is NOT love. That is exploitation. If I go on simply taking from you, and if I don't offer you anything, that is simply exploitation." (Lecture BG, Ch 9 text 2-5, New York City , Nov 23, 1966)

Srila Prabhupada - "We have got the propensity to love. Love means somebody else. Love cannot be one or love cannot be executed only one, personally. There must be another one. I love somebody; somebody loves me, there must be lover, there must be beloved, and the transaction, then love." (Lecture SB, Canto 1 Ch 2 text 6, Delhi, Nov 12, 1973)

Srila Prabhupāda - "Unless there are "two persons", where is the question of love? Love means two persons, then there is exchange. When these things are transacted, then there is love. I must deal with you open-hearted, you must deal with me open-hearted, then there is love. So if you want to love Kṛṣṇa, God, then these things MUST be there." (Evening Darsana, Aug 9, 1976, Tehran)

Love or service in the spiritual worlds are NEVER a "one-way" street, love can ONLY exist when "two" are exchanging loving service to each other.

Only then when there is loving reciprocation and exchanges of good feelings between Kṛṣṇa and His devotee, does love exist.

Only when "two" are voluntarily involved in reciprocating with each other can love exist.

In this way, real love or service is ALWAYS based on a "two-way" exchange of feelings.

h said above, that means offering individual contributions that will enhance, expand and perpetually uplift the relationship between Krsna and His marginal living entities (jiva-souls).

This can ONLY exist if the jiva-souls are allowed to express their own independent individuality and unique free will without interference (forced surrender) from Krsna.

If Krsna did force His will on the jiva-souls then there can never be genuine loving exchanges because denying free will is also denying the jiva-souls to voluntary contribute their own choices of service.**

HERE HERE HERE HERE

However, force IS applied only when the jiva-souls allows themselves to be put under the modes of material nature, which includes being responsible for one choices (Karma)

Just as the citizens of a state have freedom to follow the laws of the state, that is subordinate freedom, and the freedom of the living entities is also subordinate to Krsna.

The clue is given there in the Bhagavad-gita that the living entities are fragmental parts and parcels of the Supreme Lord, this means that all the qualities of Krsna are therefore present in minute quantity in each of His parts and parcels.

That is simultaneously one and different philosophy—the living entities thus have "free will" because they are parts of Krsna and Krsna has "free will", but the free will of Krsna is Supreme while the freedom of the parts and parcels is minute.

So if the living entity out of love subordinates his free will to Krsna that is his liberation. He is no longer forced to act helplessly (under the dictates of material nature or Maya), but he acts freely rendering loving devotional service of his choice to Krsna in every way.

Then we have the practical conclusion from Krsna confirmed by Him in Bhagavad-gita (18:66),

"Just surrender unto Me; and in return I shall protect you from all sinful reactions. Therefore you have nothing to fear."

In this way astral or subtle influences are also material and therefore they do not affect the devotee who has taken protection of Krsna's internal energy, by choosing to surrender one's life and soul in the reciproca service of the Lord. 

Srila Prabhupada explains these five relationships in detail in "Nectar of Devotion".

To pray for "inactivity devoid of Krsna consciousness" is impersonalism or selfishness and spiritual suicide to a Vaisnava.

The jiva-souls in Vaikuntha and Goloka Vrindavana are forever voluntarily expanding the expression of their individuality with an increasing variety of personal devotional offerings based on free will, it is NEVER a one sided master/mindless slave relationship with Krsna as Prabhupada explains.

Srila Prabhupada – "Love is reciprocal, voluntary, good exchange of feeling. Then there is love. Not by force, no, Krsna does not want to become a lover like that, ‘You love me, otherwise I shall kill you!" (Washington DC July 8, 1976)

Real love or Bhakti is reciprocal, it is NEVER a "one way street" where surrender to Krsna takes away one's sense of self, free will, individuality and one's personal contributions of voluntary offerings.

Each individual jiva-soul has their own independent personality (yet dependent on Krsna), separate from Krsna's Personality, which means having their own sense of self, and a "unique identity" that THEY only individually have.  

These attributes are part and parcel of each individual marginal living entity (jiva-soul) making each of them the unique "PERSON" they eternally are.

"Free will" in its full potential, is ONLY fully experienced in Vaikuntha and Goloka Vrindavan, which is the jiva-souls original perpetual home.

We see many condemn "free will" and destiny claiming many jiva-souls are NOT granted free will.  

But what does that really mean?

Yes, is true that "free will" IS restricted to many jiva-souls, but ONLY to those who enter the material creation.

There is NO restrictions in Vaikuntha and Goloka-Vrindavana.  

However, in the material creation of Maha Visnu nearly all species of life (8 million species of life) ARE forced to act under the modes of material nature, which are eating, sleeping, mating and defending.

For them, they act under the influence of material nature and NOT free will.

Yes, these lower species of life have no "free will" in their material bodily conditioned state in the lower species of life.

Only in the rare human species (400,000 different human species), is there a very little expression of free will. 

There are 8 million 400 thousand species of life in our material universe of whom 400 thousand are considered different grades of human species. 

The jiva-souls in the human form of life are also responsible for their actions, good and bad (Karma)

Therefore there is forced "punished and rewarded" based on their pious and impious actions.

Free will in its full potential IS always experienced in the Vaikuntha and Goloka-Vrindavana, where it ALWAYS exists for the purpose of allowing the jiva-souls to be constructive in their service to Krsna, and make their own unique personal offerings without being forced, by being told what to do and how to act.

A constructive loving relationship with Krsna is based on voluntary loving exchanges with Krsna in a two-way relationship meant to add variety and enrich and expand the relationship.

This can never happen in a one-sided dictatorial domineering relationship.

Such impersonalism kills the personality and character of the individual jiva-soul.

One is only forced to act under the modes of material nature and NEVER forced to act in the Spiritual Worlds.

There one is moved by their own individual choices and NOT personally by Krsna.

A pure devotee of Kṛṣṇa means he or she is NEVER under the modes of material nature. 

In other words, no material laws apply to a pure devotee because they choose to be fully under the direction of Krsna.

So a devotee can continue their present occupation or he may change it if he likes, there is always choice in Vaikuntha and Goloka-Vrindavana. 

Krsna does not force a devotee because the must choose for themselves to act spontaneously out of love for Kṛṣṇa according to the desire to please the Lord.

In this kind of loving service there is no question of being forced because service is ALWAYS voluntary.

However, force IS applied only when there is rejection of Krsna and the jiva-souls enter the mundane material creation.

Only there are the jiva-souls forced to comply with the demands of material nature.

In the Spiritual Worlds the jiva-soul are no longer forced to act helplessly under the dictates of material nature or Maya, but acts freely by rendering voluntary loving devotional service to Krsna.

We have the conclusion from Krsna confirmed by Him in Bhagavad-gita (18:66),

"Just surrender unto Me; and in return I shall protect you from all sinful reactions. Therefore you have nothing to fear."

The jiva-souls in Vaikuntha and Goloka Vrindavana are forever expanding the expression of individuality with personal devotional offerings based on free will, it is NEVER a one-sided mindless relationship with Krsna as Prabhupada explains.

Srila Prabhupada – "Love is voluntary, a good exchange of feeling. Then there is love. Not by force, no, Krsna does not want to become a lover like that" (Washington DC July 8, 1976)

Real surrender to Krsna is based on voluntary loving exchanges, it is NEVER a "one-way street" where surrender to Krsna takes away one's sense of self, individuality and personal contributions of voluntary service.

Each individual jiva-soul has their own independent personality (yet dependent on Krsna) but separate from Krsna's Personality. 

These attributes are part and parcel of each individual marginal living entity (jiva soul) making each of them the unique "PERSON" they eternally are.

As said above, if the jiva-souls have no "free will" in the Spiritual World, then they are no better than dead stone.

Srila Prabhupada - "If you have no free will, then you are a stone. The stone has no free will. You want to be stone? Then you must have free will!" (August 5, 1976, New Mayapur France)

Srila Prabhupada - ''The (impersonalist) philosophy is oneness. So how there can be love, one? Is it possible? Have you got any such experience? Love means one? No. Love means two. There must be two, the lover and the beloved. Kṛṣṇa is already lover. He's so lover of you that He's trying to get you back. That is Kṛṣṇa's attempt. "Please, My dear boy, or My dear friend, My dear servant..." (Lecture on Srimad Bhagavatam Canto 2 Chapter 1 text 3, Paris, June 12, 1974)

Srila Prabhupada - ''Love means you take and you give also. Suppose if you love somebody and you simply take from him, but you don't give. Oh, do you think it is very good? No. It is not good. That is NOT love. That is exploitation. If I go on simply taking from you, and if I don't offer you anything, that is simply exploitation. (Lecture on Bhagavad Gita Chapter 9 text 2-5, New York, November 23, 1966)

Srila Prabhupada - ''We have got the propensity to love. Love means somebody else. Love cannot be one or love cannot be executed only one, personally. There must be another one. I love somebody; somebody loves me, there must be lover, there must be beloved, and the transaction, then love''. (Lecture on Srimad Bhagavatam Canto 1 Chapter 2 text 6, Delhi, November 12, 1973)

Srila Prabhupāda - ''Unless there are "two persons", where is the question of love? Love means two persons, then there is exchange. When these things are transacted, then there is love. I must deal with you open-hearted, you must deal with me open-hearted, then there is love. So if you want to love Kṛṣṇa, God, then these things MUST be there''. (Evening Darsana, August 9, 1976, Tehran)

Having "free will" is the eternal constitutional make up of EVERY "marginal living entity", and is the foundation for ALL jiva-soul's relationship with Krsna.

Real love is ALWAYS based on voluntary relations between two as said above, love can NEVER exist in a "one-sided one-way" dominating impersonal dictatorship.

Serving God or Krsna is NEVER a one sided affair where surrender to Krsna means one loses their "free will" that allows each jiva-soul to choose their own personal contributions and offerings they can selflessly present to Krsna.

This is important to understand because each jiva-soul has their own independent unique identity with individual characteristics and personality that are separate from Krsna's Personality, THEY only exclusively have.

These qualities are part and parcel of each individual marginal living entity (jiva-soul) that makes them the unique "PERSON" they are eternally.

In the Spiritual World's of Goloka-Vrindavana and Vaikuntha, loving devotional service is never a "one-way or one-sided" affair, no, as said above REAL love or service is always reciprocal and voluntary in a "two-way" exchange in God's Kingdom.

Meaningful reciprocal association in the Kingdom of God only works in a loving way when there are "two-way" exchanges nurtured and encouraged by Krsna.

Living in Vaikuntha and Goloka Vrindavana is based on personal voluntary unique expressions of loving exchanges that are always encouraged in the relationship between jiva-souls and Krsna.

This means the Kingdom of God is NOT a one-sided dominating impersonal domain devoid of free will.

On the other hand in the mundane material creation, so many terrible things are constantly happening and taken for granted due to ignorance.

Like the unnatural painful cycle of birth, disease, old age and death the jiva-souls experience while covered by a material bodily vessel and foolishly take for granted.

Frustration in the constantly changing material creation, will always be experienced by those jiva-souls (marginal living entities) who choose to leave Vaikuntha or Goloka-Vrindavana because the material creation is ALWAYS in a constantly progressive state of decay and decline.

Therefore one's material body always wears out, breaks down and decays (dies)

But the jiva-soul, covered by the material temporary body, is eternal and therefore never subjected to decay or decline, but IS forced to continuously change bodies because of the temporary nature of the material creation.

The suffering of the individual jiva-soul within this temporary material nature, does NOT happen because of Krsna, He is not responsible for the jiva-soul's choices.

No, Krsna is NOT responsible for the suffering of the individual jiva-souls who have chosen to enter the material creation.

Even though the massive Brahmanda material universes are His creation, built by His expansion Maha-Vishnu.

The suffering in the material creation happens because at one point in the Spiritual Worlds, the individual jiva-soul has "chosen" to misuse their "free will", given to them by Krsna for the purpose of allowing voluntary diversity meant to encourage individual offerings and loving exchanges. 

Therefore, as a result of mistakingly misusing their free will, the jiva-soul is forced by their own actions, to enter the temporary material creation and become entangled in the repeated cycle of birth and death.

The spherical material universal shells coming from Maha Visnu, are called Brahmandas.

Deep inside each Brahmanda is a secondary universe created by Garbhodakashayi Visnu, who is an expansion of Maha Visnu.

From Garbhodakashayi Visnu Brahma is born who builds the many planetary systems within the inner material universe inside the Brahmanda as painting below reveals.

Krsna will NEVER interfere with the individual jiva-soul's free will because if he did, the jiva-souls would have no independent sense of self, or abilities to accept and experience genuine loving exchanges and service.

Without having that independent sense of "unique self", which is having personal individual abilities that allows one to "choose" for themselves how to voluntary be involved in loving exchanges of service with Krsna, contributed in their own way based on loving reciprocation, then there can be no question of genuine love. 

These are the characteristics that make the jiva-soul (marginal living entity) the individual PERSON they are eternally.

Love or service in the Spiritual Worlds are NEVER a one-way street, love can ONLY exist when "two" are exchanging loving service to each other.

Only then when there is loving reciprocation and exchanges of good feelings between Kṛṣṇa and His devotee, does love exist.

Only when "two" are voluntarily involved in reciprocating with each other can love exist.

In this way, real love or service is ALWAYS based on a "two-way exchange of feelings".

h said above, that means offering individual contributions that will enhance, expand and perpetually uplift the relationship between Krsna and His marginal living entities (jiva-souls).

This can ONLY exist if the jiva-souls are allowed to express their own independent individuality and unique free will without interference (forced surrender) from Krsna.

If Krsna did force His will on the jiva-souls then there can never be genuine loving exchanges because denying free will is also denying the jiva-souls to voluntary contribute their own choices of service.

Srila Prabhupada - “Because you are Son of God you have got independence, full independence, therefore you have acquired the quality of your father. So God does not interfere with your independence. (Conversation Melbourne, Australia June 25, 1974)**